The Case Of Colombia Politics Essay

The Case Of Colombia Politics EssayNo high association is immune to depravation, however, it is obvious that the maturation ara has been pr unmatched to suffer more than developed countries corruption is a problem that many an(prenominal) organizations as well as citizens from diametric communities in the third population prefer to veer. This try on attempts to present the reader the almost prominent forms of corruption in the develop world specific exclusivelyy the look of Colombia in a comparative perspective with Latin American, Asian and African countries where corruption is one of the main problems that have affected these parts of the world.This essay includes three component parts the first gear one presents the relevant books review translation of important concepts, types of corruption, and approaches of corruption in developing countries. The second parting refers in enlarge to the case of Colombia and its most prominent forms of corruption. The third section covers the analysis of the Colombian case in a comparative perspective with several(prenominal) Latin American, Asian and African countries and portraits relevant ideas as conclusions.LITERATURE criticism corruptness in the last few years has become a contested concept callable to the considerable overlap between various components and wide connotations to agree on a single definition additionally, different perceptions and understanding of situations and behaviours have tranced the concept of corruption.The understanding of corruption among nations guarantees that no definition of corruption depart be equally accepted in every nation. Therefore, this essay agrees with the definition of corruption presented by foil International (TI) because it is an international organization that reaches most of the countries in the world and maintains an unbiased performance. (TI) defines corruption as the ridicule of entrusted power for individual(a) gain1.In order to understand the implications of corruption, it is necessary to bear in chief the different types of corruption that have been considered by round authors. Each type of corruption has different origins and characteristics and therefore, they ingest diverse strategies to tackle it and different degrees of severity to retaliate it. Corrupt behaviour was coded in terms of black, fair-haired(a) and white (Gardiner 2009)Black putridness indicates that certain actions in a majority consensus of elites and mass opinion would excoriate and would want to see punished as a matter of principle. Grey putrescence indicates that some elements, ordinarily elites may want to see the action punished, otherwises not. And the majority may well be ambivalent. White Corruption signifies that the majority of both elite and mass opinion probably would not support an attempt to punish a form of corruption that they regarded as tolerable which implies less(prenominal) attachment to the values. (Gardiner 2009 )The critical emphasis of this essay is on developing countries and corrupt activities in the political sphere at the unexclusive and private direct. It is trig that there exist different forms of political corruption with a range of characteristics, which need to be mapped. Alatas in 1990 distinguished between transactive and extortive corruption. The former refers to a mutual arrangement concerning a donor and a receiving system to the mutual advantage of both parties, whereas the latter entails a sort of ram, usually to avoid the harm universe imposed on the donor or those close to him/her.It is possible to consider other categories which could contri juste to a typology of political corruption differences could be drawn between high and low level (grand corruption versus petty) the first one involves a substantial amount of currency, it involves political decision-makers, the laws and regulations argon abused by the rulers, ignored, or clean-cut to fit interests. Whereas the latter refers to the bending of rules in privilege of friends, its the everyday corruption in connection with the effectuation of existing laws, rules and regulations at the street level with minor macrocosm administration officials and services. (Heidenheimer 2002, p. 150)In most developing countries, corruption has been widespread and has become part of everyday life most societies argon aw ar of it and some even off make it look like part of their culture. Developing countries are more likely to give State Capture and Kleptoratic corruption. State Capture represents a form of corruption Introduced by Hellman and Kaufmann and used by the World Bank in 20002The World Bank report refers to State Capture as the actions of individuals, meetings or firms in both in the public and private sectors. This is done to influence the formation of laws, regulations and other government policies to their own advantage by illicit and non-transparent provision of private benefits to public officials. Alternatively, the state can be captured to serve the private interest of a political leader who shapes the frame make for of reforms to ensure his private supremacy over key resources State capture refers to the strength of private interest groups to manage influence in high spheres of public decision making through corrupt practices (World Bank report 2002).3.On the other side, Kleptocratic corruption refers to the actions of sight within the government who use their power to exploit natural resources and wealth for personal enrichment by establishing policies that party favor personal interests4, its very common in imperious governments specially in African countries characterized by the lacked of accountability and unqualified public officials. Kleptocratic corruption is characterized by nepotism, favouritism, cronyism, reflecting problems in the public services where citizens may go to prison house or be executed for treason. In some nations citizens do n ot even try to hold elections which allow leaders to remain in power for ever. (Case of the Philippines)5. Some of these characteristics are cared by some Caribbean, Asian and African countries. This will be presented and discussed later on.Many scholars have study corruption through different approaches in order to understand how corruption affects the performance of a arena the first approach to consider is the modernization Thesis established by Samuel Huntington. He stated that Corruption may be more prevalent in some cultures than others and seem to be more animated during the period of modernization and reflect their differences in political modernization and political development (Huntington 2009, Ch. 15 pp. 253)The Modernization Thesis proposed by Huntington suggests that modernization involves a assortment in the basic values of a society he refers to certain behaviours that were legitimate hardly became intolerable and corrupt when viewed through modern eyes, conse quently, the fact that levels of procreation provide citizens with a more critical view of situations to demand an accountable and efficient government, however it contri stilles to corruption by generating new sources of wealth and power where new laws multiply opportunities for corruption and hence increase the capacity for violence.To comprehend the cultural approach this essay first understand culture as The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spacial dealing, concepts of the universe, material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving (Samovar Porter, 2003, p. 8)Abdiweli, M and Said Isse, H. (2003) identified the determinants of corruption by examining on factors related to corruption much(prenominal) as such as education, political regimes, the type of the state, ethnicity, judicial efficiency, political freedom, and the size of government to develop the differences across countries and how those actions considered corruption in the west are considered traditional gift giving in developing countries.Sandholz and Taagepara 2004, referred to the cultural approach to corruption as The most remarkable obstacle to democratization and economical development. morphological and cultural factors lead to higher levels of corruption, low levels of competition and increase the incentives for corrupt practices among bureaucrats or among those being regulated. cultural patterns tendency to reproduce themselves through socialization entails a general expectation of continuity, culture changes but it tends to change slowly even when substantial changes occur (Sandholz and Taagepara 200,4 pp.109-111)THE CASE OF COLOMBIAThis section outlines the case of corruption in Colombia as a developing democracy, where corruption has left political, social and economic effects corruption has contributed to politi cal instability, undermined political institutions, increase the lack of trust and the perception that corruption is normal. Despite its effort to fight corruption the Corruption perception index (CPI) seems to get worst.6In Colombia a clear example of petty corruption are the traffic violations where drivers may bribe a law officer to avoid a fine or get the car impounded since traffic violations are extremely expensive, paying a bribe sounds more reasonable. to the highest degree of Colombian drivers have developed persuasive skills to approach a police officer finding a way to relate or build any personal connection such as economic difficulties or family problems. Sometimes the police officer will understand and will give in a ticket with a lower infraction without making personal profit. Sometimes, they will accept the bribe, give a verbal warning and just let the driver go it basically depends on how the driver approaches the police officer.In terms of Grand Corruption, the problem of Colombia can be expressed in one world Politiquera- bad politics, where it is hard to tell if corruption is the cause or the consequence of bad politics. A significant factor that determines corruption, is the illegitimate actors Guerrillas, paramilitary groups and drug dealers they control large amounts of drug money, induce violence as a way to regulate the smuggled and legal sector and resort to catchs for funding they are influential in some parts of the country called red zone or conflict zone. There, Government has less control or there is absence of authority allowing these groups to reach several levels of public organizations. (Misas 2005 120-122).In Colombia scandals of all kinds and cases of Grand Corruption And State Capture are characterized by the flaws in the political system, the non-existence of political parties as independent actors, the Internal division within political parties and the opposition at the inner and outer level enhancing contradictory performances responding to political rivalry or lack of competence political parties use opposition to exert tension and pressure and bring to light the scandals. In this dynamic mass media plays a big role, in Colombia some cases of corruption are interconnected as a network of corruption corruption becomes a scandal when it is impossible to hide or when it is convenient to bring it to light.The illegitimate impact of private interests on political decisions is another major problem in Colombia. Political parties system and campaign financing pee some sort of liability of the politician towards the donor. In Colombia, is common to see that views pay back the favour after being elected. Positions within the government and the local level are attached out cod to personal relations rather than through academic careers and competition. (Lambsdorff, 2006)This is illustrated by the typical pattern of Grand Corruption, referred to as tringulo de hierro (iron triangle) figure 3 The s tructure of a corrupt relationship is envisaged as a triangle where each corner represents an actor and the sides the relationship between them. (Misas 2005) Figure 3 iron triangleMAKES A CAMPAIGN DONATIONHELPS GETTING A POSTION IN PUBLIC ADMINISRATIONHELPS WINNING A PUBLIC campaignIn most of the countries in South America cronyism, nepotism, conflict of interests, abuse of power, embezzlement and extortion to name a few are part of the main problems of public life and can be observed at all levels, from the local up to the National level. In Colombia there are rules and regulations properly designed but not correctly applied, the fundamental problem causing high levels of corruption in Colombia outs to be the blow to apply the existing rules. Therefore, a cultural pattern such as the consideration of sayings in periodical life activities implies a rather flexible interpretation of rules. Hecha la ley, hecha la trampa (every law made, there is alike made the loophole) (Lambsdo rff, 2006) P.25.In addition to cultural patterns, Colombia is a developing country with a low gross domestic product7where social inequality, great income differences between strata, poverty and exclusion predominate and lead to violence. It is not a arcanum that Guerrilla and Paramilitary groups control highways charging truck drivers a toll to use the road having the truck burnt-out or taken away. They as well as kidnap journalists, politicians, government officials and military men for extortion or to cause pressure in the government. (Lambsdorff, 2006) Although Colombians are aware that corruption exists, its not accepted. However, people instead use sarcasm or irony to refer to this issue influenced by cultural features such as morality, values and ethics.The cases of corruption in Colombia are innumerable and it is hard to tell if one is worst that the other first because some are related or connected and second because all of them have affected the country economically, soc ially and besides in the way Colombia is perceived at the international level, affecting relations with other countries and levels of trust towards those in power who are supposed to look after the citizens rights.Examples that illustrate corruption in Colombia88000 process9(embezzlement, illegal funding for political campaign)This is the name prone to the process against the ex-president Ernesto Samper accused of receiving money from drug dealers Cali cartel for his presidential campaign. Despite the proofs, he denied it. Moreover, Fernando Botero Zea as the campaign director offered his bank account in advanced York to receive the donations from different business man to avoid taxes and exceed the amount of money permitted to develop the campaign. Botero seized control of US$413.898 to buy a country house and cover personal expenses. Botero moved to Mexico where he is in the first place from to avoid extradition and has not gone back to pay his time in prison which affected th e relations and image with neighbouring countries.DMG10(campaign funding with money laundering- illicit enrichment)DMG is the acronym for the millionaire society of David Murcia Guzman which worked under the pyramid scheme for cocaine money laundering. DMG was also funding the referendum for the third consecutive presidential term of Alvaro Uribe as well as for the candidate in Panama11. This company worked across some Latin American countries (Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador) where not all politicians but also thousands of citizens invested their savings expecting high profits, in some parts of the countries people relied and depended on this profit as a regular income. Murcia accepted the charges and was extradited to the US.Para-politics12Para-politics is the term used to refer to the political scandals since 2006 that show connections between more than 200 politicians and government officials with the paramilitary group Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) which has direct impl ications with drug dealing and has used intimidation, extortion, slaughter, genocide, displacement and kidnapping towards public citizens to help politicians and public officers to reach positions in the government and then manipulate decisions and funds. Recordings, videos and intercepted calls are some of the proofs that involve government bodies and important national entities. traffic circle contraction (Conflict of interest, Clientelism, Cronyism, Abuse of power, State Capture)This is the name given to one of the biggest scandals of political corruption that left obvious scars in the city, indignation and huge economic lost. Carousel contraction involves a group of recognized business men Los Nule13who won the grant for the biggest project in building an important highway in the country and several other contracts for the transportation system in the city of Bogota using retainers as bribes. Other people obscure and found guilty are The ex-mayor of Bogota, (Samuel Moreno14) wh o was suspended from office and is under police custody, some of Morenos relatives as his brother (Ivan Moreno) and several friends, government bodies, public officers and more than 30 companies who were sub-contracted to carry out they project.Health system embezzlement15A scandal in the Colombian health system involved five health insurance companies acronym for (EPS) associated with millionaire embezzlement. These EPS were audited and intervened with a police bust due to the irregularities in the provision of medications and misuse of funds. This has resulted in huge number of cases of double billing, seeking reimbursement for medications EPS are supposed to provide to patients. Public officers, EPS board members and the minister of social protection are some of the people involved in the scandal.These are just some of the examples that can provide a wide picture of what Grand corruption/ State Capture look like in Colombia in the following section a comparative perspective is p resented to illustrate corruption across developing countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa.This section refers to corruption in developing countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa in a comparative perspective with the case of Colombia.LATIN AMERICACorruption in Latin America specifically in the case of Ecuador is a structural problem that goes beyond political parties or businessman funding campaigns it has become an issue constituted to cultural features. Low levels of education, weak Social Capital, and low levels of participation in elections are characteristics percentaged with Colombia. The most common forms of corruption in Ecuador are bribes, nepotism and cronyism used to speed up processes or get contracts. As an example, In June 2009 the media reported that companies associated with businessman Fabricio Correa (the presidents brother), had signed large public-sector contracts during the Correa administration. another(prenominal) example is the contraction of unqua lified supernumerary or inexistent public employees in the national congress known as Piponazgo16.According to CPI 2012 mutant by (TI) the most corrupt country in Latin America is Venezuela some causes of corruption are the lack of effective strategies to fight corruption and short(p) freedom of the press. In Venezuela more than 30 radiocommunication stations, TV channel and newspapers have been harassed and threaten by the government which creates opportunities for corruption. This situation is slightly different in Colombia where although its one of the most insecure countries for journalists the aggressions are not provoked by the government but related to the armed conflict (guerrilla, drug traffickers and paramilitary). Additionally, Venezuela shares two characteristics of corruption with African countries mismanagement of oil resources, authoritarian government seeking influence through oil diplomacy and control of oil funds by the Government which has caused several scand als17.Another country that has suffered from similar types of corruption is Mexico, (kickbacks and bribery18from wealthy businessman, kidnappings of civilians and drug trafficking by the Cartels of Mexico19). However, the comparative study carried out by (De la Torre L., 2000) showed that although the Police system in Colombia is not of necessity uncorrupted is one of the most efficient in Latin America. Colombia has implemented long term strategies, there is a better recruitment process, salaries, training and drug- related corruption remains confined to individual or smaller groups of policeman20. Figure 4 data taken from Transparency International web internet site CPI results 201221ASIAIn 2012 India ranked 94th out of 176 countries in TI with a CPI of 3.6 tied with Colombia and Greece. apart from sharing the ranking position in the CPI score, India and Colombia share bribery, kickbacks and nepotism as some forms of corruption although at different levels of impact in the soci ety.Transparency International India developed a Corruption Study in 200522showing that the problem of corruption in India lies at the public service level (health care system, electricity, water supply supply and black money) affecting citizens daily needs. As a result, corruption in India is due to the overweening regulations, poor implementation/ monitoring of laws, lack of punishment and highly strong cultural patterns create fortune for corruption. (Vito Tanzi 1998). While the perception, cases of corruption and impact in the population regarding public services (water supply, electricity and taxes black money23are higher in India, in Colombia Organized Crime and drug trafficking plays the main role peremptory almost 50% of the country.Another Asian country which has been prone to suffer from widespread corruption and poor CPI score is Bangladesh the most common forms of corruption are bribes, abuse of authority, nepotism, favouritism, fraud and patronage. Likewise Colombia many cases of corruption are intertwined with their consequences at the national or local level. In Bangladesh payoff include luxuriousness gifts, overseas travel hotels, restaurant bills and personal liabilities while in Colombia payoff are mostly in the form of money or jobs. However in terms of political corruption both countries share the same characteristic Using position while in power to grant undue favour and benefit to ones relatives, friends and key supporters is a hallmark of politics. (Khan, 1997).Nonetheless, in terms of administrative corruption, in Bangladesh civil officers involved in corrupt practices in most cases do not lose their jobs. Very rarely they are dismissed from service on charges pertaining to corruption. Still more rarely they are sent to prison for misusing public funds (Khan, 1997), this is considerably different in Colombia where if found guilty most likely, they will go to prison although the sentence may not be significant Corruption is all-perv asive in Bangladesh, is a part of the politico-administrative heritage, not only citizens have accepted it as a part of their daily life but also they feel themselves powerless to address the phenomenon at any level (Lewis, 1996).AFRICACorruption in the developing world has been harmful for economic growth specially for transition or emerging economies and poor countries in Africa where the influence of decolonization, type of economy (based on natural resources as a source of rent), low levels of education and types of governments (regimes or dictatorships) are directly related to levels of corruption.Africa is a continent where Kleptocracy dominates and leads to grand Corruption an example of this is the rule of Mobutu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1965-1997). Characterized by the misuse of foreign aid and rent from natural resources leading(a) to worse governance, embezzlement and illegal enrichment. In the case of Nigeria, 2007 elections candidates were more likely to bu y votes because is more genuine and less difficult.24In Nigeria, the misadministration of oil and natural gas resources from Kleptocratic governments, nepotism and graft are the most common forms of corruption.Another case worth looking at is Kenya which demonstrates how corruption can turn a stable country into political crisis. Corruption comes in the form of a little something to speed up processes or to ignore infractions and Tribalism loyalty first to families then clan and then tribes. Kenya likewise Colombia has suffered from scandals within the government Goldenberg case25where the Kenyan government of Daniel Arap was found to have subsidised exports of gold beyond standard arrangements by paying the company Goldenberg International 35% more.Despite the fact that Colombia is an older democracy and the GDP less affected by corruption in Latin America than in African countries26 clientelism, graft, bribery misuse of funds at the national level and embezzlement are shared for ms of corruption however, corruption in Colombia is highly generated by drugs traffic while in Africa is due to misuse of natural resources and abuse of power.CONCLUSIONThis paper has given an account of the most prominent forms of corruption in the developing world with deep focus on Colombia in a comparative perspective with other Latin American, Asian and African countries. In this paper, becomes bare and implicit that regardless the geographical position of a country, the developing countries studied in this essay share mostly the same types of corruption. Instead some variations in terms of forms and levels of perception of corruption may appear depending on type of government, levels of education, poverty and whether it is an emerging or established democracy.At the same time accounting plays an important role in places of Africa and Colombia where in order to understand the reasons and causes behind levels of corruption it is not only important to recognize the political, s ocial, economic and cultural conditions of these countries but also to understand the impact of these situation on the levels of corruption, this will enhance comprehension of the strategies implemented or reasons for not implementing as well as for gruelling or not corruption.From this essay can conclude that Even though forms and types of corruption are shared across countries the political, social, economic and cultural patterns should be considered individually to fight corruption where political will and anticorruption programs work in reality effectively.In Latin American countries like Colombia where the drug war fosters corruption and increases private gain (money) at public expense (violence) while in Africa and Asia corruption affects foreign direct investment.